Piracy Wikipedia. British sailors boarding an Algerine pirate ship and battling the pirates colored engraving by John Fairburn 1. Piracy is an act of robbery or criminalviolence by ship or boat borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates. The earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 1. BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf FileNarrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy,1 as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, and the English Channel, whose geographic strictures facilitated pirate attacks. A land based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. Privateering uses similar methods to piracy, but the captain acts under orders of the state authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation, making it a legitimate form of war like activity by non state actors. While the term can include acts committed in the air, on land especially across national borders or in connection with taking over and robbing a car or train, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore, this article focuses on maritime piracy. It does not normally include crimes committed against people traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator e. Piracy or pirating is the name of a specific crime under customary international law and also the name of a number of crimes under the municipal law of a number of states. In the early 2. 1st century, seaborne piracy against transport vessels remains a significant issue with estimated worldwide losses of US1. Red Sea and Indian Ocean, off the Somali coast, and also in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore. Today, pirates armed with automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenades use small motorboats to attack and board ships, a tactic that takes advantage of the small number of crew members on modern cargo vessels and transport ships. Degree Relationship Contracting Parties Marriage License. Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf' title='Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf' />The online version of Journal of Business Venturing at ScienceDirect. This article evaluates the nature of corporate social responsibility related oil conflict with emphasis on the key reasons for the conflict in the Niger Delta region. ABSTRACT. According to Gartner 1985, to understand the dimensions and variables of entrepreneurship and how they relate to each other contributes to understanding. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 542015 7379 75 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3. Learning organization definition The learning organization is an organization, where. TF/9781138713031.jpg' alt='Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf' title='Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf' />Effectual Entrepreneurship PdfsThey also use larger vessels, known as mother ships, to supply the smaller motorboats. The international community is facing many challenges in bringing modern pirates to justice, as these attacks often occur in international waters. Also, a number of nations have used their naval forces to protect private ships from pirate attacks and pursue pirates. As well, some private vessels are taking steps to defend their vessels and their crews from piracy, such as using armed security guards, high pressure hoses or sound cannons to repel boarders, or using radar to avoid potential threats. Etymology. The English pirate is derived from the Latin term pirata sailor, corsair, sea robber and that from Greek peirats, brigand,8 in turn from peiromai, I attempt, from pera, attempt, experience. The meaning of the Greek word peirats literally is one who attacks ships. The word is also cognate to peril. The term is first attested in English to c. Pumpkin Patch Around Edmonton. Spelling was not standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as pirrot, pyrate and pyrat were used until this period. Syksyst 2008 lhtien tiedot Kauppakorkeakoulussa valmistuvista pro graduista tulevat nkyviin eThesisportaaliin. Mys itse gradut ovat saatavissa eThesiksest. QuickTime and a TIFF Uncompressed decompressor are needed to see this picture. Technologydriven entrepreneurship how technology shapes the way entrepreneurs. History. It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce. Europe and North Africa. Antiquity. The earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 1. BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates. The ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession it apparently was widespread and regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living. Covers/54f1f51c279a7300ec3801cc138311173a965894' alt='Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf Books' title='Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf Books' />References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, and adbuction of women and children to be sold into slavery was common. By the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a disgrace to have as a profession. In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos city in Anatolia brought impoverishment. Among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic. It was not until 2. BC when the Romans finally decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended. During the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. On one voyage across the Aegean Sea in 7. BC,1. 7Julius Caesar was kidnapped and briefly held by Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of Pharmacusa. Structure-in-Fives-Designing-Effective-Organizations-by-Mintzberg-Henry.jpg' alt='Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf Book' title='Effectual Entrepreneurship Pdf Book' />The Senate finally invested the general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus with powers to deal with piracy in 6. BC the Lex Gabinia, and Pompey, after three months of naval warfare, managed to suppress the threat. As early as 2. 58 AD, the Gothic Herulic fleet ravaged towns on the coasts of the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. The Aegean coast suffered similar attacks a few years later. In 2. 64, the Goths reached Galatia and Cappadocia, and Gothic pirates landed on Cyprus and Crete. In the process, the Goths seized enormous booty and took thousands into captivity. In 2. AD, Carausius, a Roman military commander of Gaulish origins, was appointed to command the Classis Britannica, and given the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coasts of Armorica and Belgic Gaul. In the Roman province of Britannia, Saint Patrick was captured and enslaved by Irish pirates. Middle Ages. A fleet of Vikings, painted mid 1. The most widely known and far reaching pirates in medieval Europe were the Vikings, seaborne warriors from Scandinavia who raided and looted mainly between the 8th and 1. Viking Age in the Early Middle Ages. Microsoft Works 9 (Oem Windows Xp - Vista) [Rh] -. They raided the coasts, rivers and inland cities of all Western Europe as far as Seville, which was attacked by the Norse in 8. Vikings also attacked the coasts of North Africa and Italy and plundered all the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Some Vikings ascending the rivers of Eastern Europe as far as the Black Sea and Persia. The lack of centralized powers all over Europe during the Middle Ages enabled pirates to attack ships and coastal areas all over the continent. In the Late Middle Ages, the Frisian pirates known as Arumer Zwarte Hoop led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama, fought against the troops of the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V with some success. Toward the end of the 9th century, Moorish pirate havens were established along the coast of southern France and northern Italy. In 8. 46 Moor raiders sacked the extra muros Basilicas of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Rome. In 9. 11, the bishop of Narbonne was unable to return to France from Rome because the Moors from Fraxinet controlled all the passes in the Alps. Moor pirates operated out of the Balearic Islands in the 1. From 8. 24 to 9. 61 Arab pirates in the Emirate of Crete raided the entire Mediterranean.